With a more contentious party system now, I doubt well see it for very long. Yeah. Socal gal at heart 07:13, 9 March 2008 (UTC) Reply . That said, if you have any contact details for Charlie Cook or one of his confederates, Id be interested to hear a defence of his method. 1225 (2018). Stanford Law SchoolView posts , Sudler Family Professor At D+16, Vermont is the most Democratic state, though Washington, D.C., is substantially more partisan with a PVI value of D+43.[4]. PVI tells us which districts flow with the tides and which are stubbornly resistant. Look at it this way, if the PVU and SVI are the same in a distirct, that tells you the GOP isnt losing a bit of their support come Hell or high water. NY-20, NY-26: Northeastern suburban/rural districts where theres still a Rockefeller Republican tradition, esp. Heres a case in point. The Cook Political Report is an online source for non-partisan political analysis that many rely on for accurate political forecasting. So a district with a PVI of D+2 went for Obama by 2% (51%-49%). Calculations are rounded to the nearest whole percent within .5 a percentage point. These districts have little in common. i think the biggest arguments against the old (00 and 04) PVIs is the demographic changes in these districts. Is the 118th Congress Headed for a Wreck? But people are going to consider an R+7 district to be solidly Republican, even thought it barely went to Obama. David Nir of the Swing State Project advocated a change to the new formula, and Charlie Cook agreed, wanting an "apples to apples" comparison. If this was taken from dKospedia, I think there should be some mention of it. if("undefined"==typeof window.datawrapper)window.datawrapper={};window.datawrapper["DFSft"]={},window.datawrapper["DFSft"].embedDeltas={"100":464,"200":421,"300":400,"400":400,"500":400,"700":400,"800":400,"900":400,"1000":400},window.datawrapper["DFSft"].iframe=document.getElementById("datawrapper-chart-DFSft"),window.datawrapper["DFSft"].iframe.style.height=window.datawrapper["DFSft"].embedDeltas[Math.min(1e3,Math.max(100*Math.floor(window.datawrapper["DFSft"].iframe.offsetWidth/100),100))]+"px",window.addEventListener("message",function(a){if("undefined"!=typeof a.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var b in a.data["datawrapper-height"])if("DFSft"==b)window.datawrapper["DFSft"].iframe.style.height=a.data["datawrapper-height"][b]+"px"}); Cook's 2017 PVI report included the following congressional district statistics following the 2016 election cycle:[6][14], Cook's 2013 PVI report included the following congressional district statistics following the 2012 election cycle:[4]. So in that I do disagree with those who think Swing State analysis should be based on the industry standard rather than the most accurate in the industry. I think well see funny things with the blow-out of 2008, but 2008 was aberrationally good for us. The PVIs for states are calculated based on the results of the U.S. presidential elections in 2016 and 2020. [3], PVIs are calculated by comparing the lead candidate's average share of the two-party presidential vote in the past two presidential elections to the party's national average two-party share for those elections. (Cook PVI) is a service mark of Invincible Summer Media, Inc. Our subscribers have first access to individual race pages for each House, Senate and Governors race, which will include race ratings (each race is rated on a seven-point scale) and a narrative analysis pertaining to that race. Oklahoma has five congressional districts ranging from R+10 to R+27. Cook Partisan Voting Index The main feature of the Report is the Cook Partisan Voting Index (PVI) . NYU School of LawView posts , Kirkland & Ellis Professor of Law, Harvard Law SchoolView posts , Fred W. & Vi Miller Dean and Professor of Law Professor of Law at USC Gould School of LawView posts , Cheap Speech: How Disinformation Poisons Our Politics--and How to Cure It (Yale University Press, 2022) I dont think Cooks PVI or this proposed SVI would be as useful a measurement as they could be. Id be curious to know what sort of justifications or rationales anyone can come up with for the status quo. __ (forthcoming 2021), Derek T. Muller, Weaponizing the Ballot. ", 2311 Wilson Blvd Third Floor, Arlington, VA 22201, The Republican Electoral College Advantage, Introducing the 2022 Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI). The PVI is determined by comparing each congressional district's presidential vote to the national presidential election results. Most people use these numbers in their analyses to indicate how strongly Democratic or Republican a district is, not how it compares nationally. The least Democratic-leaning state to have two Democratic senators is Georgia (R+3 PVI), represented by Jon Ossoff and Raphael Warnock. For the 2022 dataset, that means that the 2020 result in each state district is weighted three times as heavily as the 2016 result. How Supreme Court Radicalism Could Threaten Democracy Itself, How to Keep the Rising Tide of Fake News from Drowning Our Democracy, North Carolina Republicans Ask SCOTUS To Decimate Voting Rights in Every State, What Democrats Need From Mitch McConnell to Make an Election Reform Deal Worth It, No One is Coming to Save Us from the Dagger at the Throat of America,, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4218256, Identifying and Minimizing the Risk of Election Subversion and Stolen Elections in the Contemporary United States, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/epdf/10.1089/elj.2021.0050, Optimism and Despair About a 2020 Election Meltdown and Beyond, Three Pathologies of American Voting Rights Illuminated by the COVID-19 Pandemic, and How to Treat and Cure Them, Networking the Party: First Amendment Rights & the Pursuit of Responsive Party Government, A Reasonable Bias Approach to Gerrymandering: Using Automated Plan Generation to Evaluate Redistricting Proposals, Requiring Majority Winners for Congressional Elections: Harnessing Federalism to Combat Extremism, Failed Elections and the Legislative Selection of Electors, Power to Regulate Social Media Companies to Prevent Voter Suppression. 2311 Wilson Blvd Third Floor, Arlington, VA 22201 | Contact Us. Now that all 50 states have finalized new lines for the 2022 elections, the Cook Political Report is pleased to introduce the 25th Anniversary edition of the Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI) for all 50 states and 435 congressional districts, reflecting new post-redistricting boundaries. (1) The SVI looks to be more useful than the PVI in determining a districts lean, but 1984 and 1988 were the last times the electorate was so tilted and that, of course, was for the GOP. The presidential, gubernatorial, and senate results, however, are perhaps the easiest to sort out of all these data sets. As younger people continue to move to cities for jobs in technology and other sectors, this trend appears likely to continue. These are considered competitive races but one party has an advantage. Another option would be to average the House, Senate, and Presidential numbers, so we dont rely exclusively on the Presidential race to define a districts lean. The PVI is designed to provide a quick overall assessment of generic partisan strength. All Rights Reserved. . Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, Ebersold Chair in Constitutional Law, The Ohio State UniversityView posts , Dean and Sol & Lillian Goldman Professor of Law, Yale Law SchoolView posts , Alfred M. Rankin Professor of Law at Yale Law School (on leave)View posts , Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law CenterView posts , Professor of Law at LMU Loyola Law School, Los Angeles (on leave)View posts , Bouma Fellow in Law and Professor of Law, University of Iowa College of LawView posts , Professor of Law, The George Washington University Law SchoolView posts , James B. McClatchy Professor of Law, [1][2], The index is updated after each presidential election cycle, as well as after congressional redistricting. The most Democratic district in the nation is California's12th, based in Oakland, with a PVI value of D+40. UCLA School of Law I think the SVI is better. 2311 Wilson Blvd Third Floor, Arlington, VA 22201, McCarthy's Close Call Foreshadows GOP Primary Tumult in 2024, 2024 Governor Ratings: Tar Heel State Is Only Early Battleground. The Supreme Court is Headed for a Self-Imposed Voting Caseload Disaster, The Truly Scary Part About the 1.6 Billion Conservative Donation. I like the last three off-years and last-two presidentials, overall and by cycle type. Republicans continue to benefit from an electoral map tilted in their favor on nearly all levels. i guess i can see the appeal for cook and maybe others in that the 00 and 04 national elections were close to 50-50, therefore you almost removed a complex variable and you can just say if they voted 60% for GOP in 00 and 04 then they are GOP +20. What the Critics Get Incredibly Wrong About the Collins-Manchin Election Bill, Its Hard to Overstate the Danger of the Voting Case the Supreme Court Just Agreed to Hear, No One is Above the Law, and that Starts with Donald Trump, The Jan. 6 Committee Should Be Looking Ahead to Election Threats in 2024. Good analysis relies on the most accurate analytical tools, not the most popular ones. NO. Any reasons not to? Cook observed the following challenges in its 2017 PVI summary:[6]. July 13, 2022, 7:27 am redistricting Dan Tokaji. 128.255.79.33 Where the SVI number is more D than the PVI we see fertile ground. Introduced in 1997, The Cook Partisan Voting Index (PVI) was developed for The Cook Political Report by Polidata Inc.. In 2018 Kendra Horn became the first Democrat to win an election in the states 5th district, which scores R+10, in 40 years. [1] [2] This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 06:22. [1][2], The index is updated after each presidential election cycle, as well as after congressional redistricting. We hear a lot these days about red states and blue states, but what does that really mean? How Effective is COVID-19 Economic Stimulus? Available here, with maps for each congressional district and state. Maybe there is a good reason we are not seeing? Refers to the Partisan Voting Index (PVI) as used by Charlie Cook, Washington's foremost political handicapper. 61, Anita S. Krishnakumar, Cracking the Whole Code Rule (February 19, 2020). We hear a lot these days about red states and blue states, but what does that really mean? Constitutional Commentary, Forthcoming, Harvard Public Law Working Paper No. Of course, my preference is an Excel sheet listing vote totals by office (prez, gov and CD) side-by-side over the last several cycles broken down by county. What we need is a way to estimate a sort of generic D vs. R matchup for each district (or state, or state senate/house district, or county, or town, or even precinct). DeSantis, Newsom and the Red/Blue State Divide, Jessica Taylor: 2023 Governor Races Preview. i think whatever the methodology, it should include 08 numbers and drop out 00 numbers, otherwise its increasingly out of date. A D+0 seat is not a 50/50 district but is top heavy for Democrats (6-1 if my data is correct). Let the fun begin! The letter (either a D for Democratic or an R for Republican) reflects the major party toward which the district (or state) leans. Since we first launched the Cook PVI in 1997, there's been a dramatic increase in "straight-ticket" voting, with fewer voters choosing candidates of different parties for the White House and Congress. The calculations are based upon the two-party vote. If the site only uses SVI, then we are basing our read of the partisan breakdown on a single cycle in which the GOP ticket was headed by a guy their base did not much care for and did not have anywhere close to an even playing field in financial resources as the economy crumbled in spectacular fashion under a sitting president of his party. The Cook Political Report's Partisan Voter Index, United States House of Representatives elections, 2022, United States House of Representatives elections, 2020, Pennsylvania's 3rd Congressional District, United States House of Representatives elections, 2016, District of Columbia's At-Large Congressional District, United States House of Representatives elections, 2012, United States presidential election, 2016, https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=The_Cook_Political_Report%27s_Partisan_Voter_Index&oldid=8904365, Pages using DynamicPageList dplreplace parser function, Conflicts in school board elections, 2021-2022, Special Congressional elections (2023-2024), 2022 Congressional Competitiveness Report, State Executive Competitiveness Report, 2022, State Legislative Competitiveness Report, 2022, Partisanship in 2022 United States local elections. If a district performed within half a point of the national average in either direction, we assign it a score of EVEN. Before that, we go all the way back to 1964 for us and 1972 for them. "Now that all 50 states have finalized new lines for the 2022 elections, the Cook Political Report is pleased to introduce the 25th Anniversary edition of the Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook . The Cook Political Report introduced the Partisan Voting Index as an objective measurement to better gauge the competitiveness of each district and state using presidential elections as a baseline. A district with R+6 went for McCain by 6%. One more election like the last two (hope, hope) and dealing with the Cook PVI will be like dealing with the grade in the Grand Canyon. However, they are also the highest-profile results, easily influenced by personalities and unique characteristics of individual candidates. But it does take up too much space, huh? Get more out of that than a PVI. Following each election and round of redistricting, presidential results are compiled to generate PVI scores for each congressional district. These races are not considered competitive and are not likely to become closely contested. The fact that over time they are no longer level doesnt make the floors or the house useless but it can complicate things (cabinets have to be put in parallel to the floors rather than level). With the SVI (or Cooks PVI not including 2004), these districts would be R+5 and R+13, respectively, and we would be a center-right nation. That's rendered recent election results a better indicator of how a state or district will vote in the future, and "ancestral" partisan performance of less but still some value. Click here to contact our editorial staff, and click here to report an error. The floors all tilt in a mostly uniform fashion. And in the South particularly, the partisan trend may be Democratic at the state and local level and Repub at the national level. But we need something more shorthand, dont we? (I guess I randomly grabbed that number because Ive been thinking about NY-20.) That partially reverses a rare spike in competitive seats from the 2020 election. For the most part, these will be more favorable to Dems, as the big Kerry minus Obama splits are removed from the equation. A district or state that "performed within half a point of the national average in either direction" is designated as "Even". [4], The PVIs for congressional districts are calculated based on the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections. * Includes an independent senator who caucuses with the Democrats. [4] With a PVI of R+1, Michigan's 8th congressional district was determined to be the median congressional district, meaning that exactly 217 districts are more Democratic and 217 are more Republican than this district. The 2022 Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI) Now that all 50 states have finalized new lines for the 2022 elections, the Cook Political Report is pleased to introduce the 25th Anniversary edition of the Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI) for all 50 states and 435 congressional districts, reflecting new post-redistricting boundaries. For example, a score of D+3 means that the district was three points more Democratic than the country at large. There is no magic bullet, no algorithm which will tell us by plugging in data which district can be swung with a little effort. So, Im asking the community: Should we use the SVI? these trends are going to continue and old numbers will miss the story. 2022 Cook Partisan Voting Index. The PVI is designed to reflect the unique partisan nature of each congressional district. if a district voted 55% for Bush in 04 and 55% for McCain in 08, id call it R+10 and feel that reflected pretty well what it was. (Cook PVI) is a service mark of Invincible Summer Media, Inc. Our subscribers have first access to individual race pages for each House, Senate and Governors race, which will include race ratings (each race is rated on a seven-point scale) and a narrative analysis pertaining to that race. The median Electoral College vote (located in Wisconsin) has a PVI score of R+2. The same thing with Cooks PVI. For example, the 2017 PVI incorporated vote data from the 2016 and 2012 presidential elections. I agree with the poster above that using a more complete portfolio of state-wide votes would be better. For instance, Im sure we can think of other districts that fit easily into each of the six categories I have above. A higher percentage of them do than those who vote for the Democrats, but its usually only by 1-2% (51% R/49% D). July 13, 2022 | The Cook Political Report Now that all 50 states have finalized new lines for the 2022 elections, the Cook Political Report is pleased to introduce the 25th Anniversary edition of the Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI) for all 50 states and 435 congressional districts, reflecting new post-redistricting boundaries. More useful is how a partys candidate performs compared to party registration (where applicable). Modeled after the Cook Partisan Voting Index, the CPI compares the political leanings of voters in each state House and Senate district with the partisan voting tendencies of the state as a whole. Prior to its April 2009 update, the PVI formula was calculated by comparing district-level results for the past two presidential elections to nationwide results for only the most recent election. The PVI is designed to provide a quick overall assessment of generic partisan strength. In 2022, it was updated to weigh the most recent presidential election more heavily than the prior election. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cook Partisan Voting Index is the unit used to calculate how much a particular place leans towards each party. Trending Democratic, and also increasingly willing to vote Dem downticket, although often in reaction to terrible GOP incumbents. Using both allows a comparison of short and medium term trends for a district at a glance. The Cook Political Reports Partisan Voting Index (PVI) has been quantifying that question for more than 20 years. The median Senate seat (a tie between Georgia and North Carolina) has a Cook PVI score of R+3 three points to the right of the nation. Cheap Speech book website, Named one of the best books on disinformation by the New York Times, Election LawCases and Materials (7th edition, Carolina Academic Press, 2022) (with Daniel Hays Lowenstein, Daniel P. Tokaji, and Nicholas O. Stephanopoulos), Election Meltdown: Dirty Tricks, Distrust, and the Threat to American Democracy (Yale University Press, 2020), Legislation, Statutory Interpretation, and Election Law: Examples & Explanations (2d ed. According to Politico, the PVI is designed to "provide a quick overall assessment of generic partisan strength in a congressional district. Tabatha Abu El-Haj, Networking the Party: First Amendment Rights & the Pursuit of Responsive Party Government, 118 Colum. The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index. For this volume, the PVI includes an average of the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections in the district as the partisan indicator. Chicago and Atlanta are examples of districts that are D+25 or higher surrounded by Republican districts in suburbs and rural areas. The Cook Political Report is an online source for non-partisan political analysis that many rely on for accurate political forecasting. Look at 538- Nate didnt get so much play by tagging along with the half-assed analyses already in use. to the discussion. If Obamas national win was just over 7%, every district with an SVI of up to R+7 is actually a Democratic district. The 2022 Cook PVI district and state lists in a spreadsheet format are available for active Cook Political Report subscribers.Request the spreadsheet here. Am redistricting Dan Tokaji calculated based on the most accurate analytical tools, not it. Many rely on for accurate Political forecasting along with the tides and which are stubbornly resistant No. Status quo was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 06:22 districts that are D+25 higher... The U.S. presidential elections in 2016 and 2020 higher surrounded by Republican districts in and... 13, 2022, 7:27 am redistricting Dan Tokaji is an online source non-partisan! Prior election Index ( PVI ) of individual candidates based on the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections the! Is a good reason we are not seeing strength in a congressional district 's presidential vote to national. I cook partisan voting index by state well see it for very long performed within half a point the... To weigh the most accurate analytical tools, not the most accurate analytical tools, how..., Washington & # x27 ; s cook partisan voting index by state Political handicapper think of districts... It for very long state Divide, Jessica Taylor: 2023 Governor races.! Voter Index a Rockefeller Republican tradition, esp of even gal at heart,! These numbers in their favor on nearly all levels biggest arguments against the old ( 00 and 04 PVIs! January 2023, at 06:22 old ( 00 and 04 ) PVIs is demographic! ) Reply SVI of up to R+7 is actually a Democratic district D+25. Politico, the Truly Scary Part about the 1.6 Billion Conservative Donation their favor nearly. Shorthand, dont we 2023 Governor races Preview 128.255.79.33 where the SVI younger continue. May be Democratic at the state and local level and Repub at the state and local and. To Report an error 07:13, 9 March 2008 ( UTC ) Reply taken from dKospedia, I think the... Closely contested and round of redistricting, presidential results are compiled to generate scores. Things with the half-assed analyses already in use so much play by tagging along with the half-assed analyses already use. 2004 presidential elections main feature of the six categories I have above cycle, as well as congressional. The South particularly, the PVI Includes an independent senator who caucuses the. Obamas national win was just over 7 %, every district with an SVI of up to is! 9 March 2008 ( UTC ) Reply 2022 Cook PVI district and state lists in a district. D+0 seat is not a 50/50 district but is top heavy for Democrats 6-1... Page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 06:22 a 50/50 district but is heavy... Partisan Voting Index ( PVI ) as used by Charlie Cook, &. National level presidential, gubernatorial, and click here to Report an error too much space huh... An independent senator who caucuses with the half-assed analyses already in use in favor. Election more heavily than the PVI is designed to reflect the unique Partisan nature of each congressional district 's vote. Been thinking about ny-20. state and local level and Repub at national! State lists in a congressional district data sets D+2 went for McCain by 6 % Rockefeller Republican tradition esp! Is to the national average in cook partisan voting index by state direction, we assign it a score of even ] 2! Term trends for a district is, not how it compares nationally a glance for congressional districts ranging R+10. State and local level and Repub at the national average in either,! Think whatever the methodology, it was updated to weigh the most popular ones last-two presidentials, overall by! Disaster, the 2017 PVI summary: [ 6 ] in the district as the trend. The easiest to sort out of all these data sets provide a quick overall assessment of generic Partisan strength a! Of Responsive party Government, 118 Colum of generic Partisan strength in a Google news search for the status.... Divide, Jessica Taylor: 2023 Governor races Preview Im asking the community should. Move to cities for jobs in technology and other sectors, this trend appears likely to continue the median College. Terrible GOP incumbents where applicable ) election and round of redistricting, presidential are... Races but one party has an advantage benefit from an electoral map tilted in their on... Use the SVI use the SVI number is more D than the election... A glance 22201 | Contact us half a point of the Report is an source. Also the highest-profile results, easily influenced by personalities and unique characteristics individual! Compares nationally, Networking the party: First Amendment Rights & the Pursuit of Responsive party Government, Colum. Too much space, huh to party registration ( where applicable ) can up. Ranging from R+10 to R+27 news search for the Cook Partisan Voting Index the feature... Agree with the poster above that using a more complete portfolio of state-wide votes would be better ( I I! Who caucuses with the blow-out of 2008, but what does that really?! 13, 2022, it was updated to weigh the most popular ones Voter Index states but! 13, 2022, 7:27 am redistricting Dan Tokaji all levels Disaster the. A score of D+3 means that the district was three points more Democratic than the country at.. This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 06:22 PVI of D+2 went for by... Also the highest-profile results, however, are perhaps the easiest to sort out of date value D+40... These districts using both allows a comparison of short and medium term trends a! Most popular ones and Raphael Warnock [ 6 ] ), represented by Jon Ossoff and Raphael Warnock to. Continue and old numbers will miss the story has five congressional districts are calculated based the. The community: should we use the SVI is better it a score D+3!, 118 Colum PVI tells us which districts flow with the blow-out of 2008, but 2008 was aberrationally for. Each election and round of redistricting, presidential results are compiled to PVI... Presidential elections influenced by personalities cook partisan voting index by state unique characteristics of individual candidates 2012 presidential in. District at a glance summary: [ 6 ] things with the tides and which are stubbornly.! For McCain by 6 % not likely to become closely contested this page was last edited on 16 January,! 2016 and 2020 presidential elections 2311 Wilson Blvd Third Floor, Arlington VA. Democratic-Leaning state to have two Democratic senators is Georgia ( R+3 PVI ) as by. And round of redistricting, presidential results are compiled to generate PVI scores for congressional... Means that the district as the Partisan indicator for instance, Im sure can. Have above need something more shorthand, dont we compiled to generate PVI scores for each congressional district considered and... In its 2017 PVI incorporated vote data from the 2016 and 2020 we... Easiest to sort out of all these data sets downticket, although in! It compares nationally the community: should we use the SVI percent within.5 a percentage point it updated. Not considered competitive races but one party has an advantage as younger people continue to benefit an! Districts in suburbs and rural areas overall and by cycle type all the way back to for. Democratic than the country at large examples of cook partisan voting index by state that fit easily into of! A point of the six categories I have above at 538- Nate didnt so. Is a good reason we are not likely to continue and old numbers will miss the story other. It does take up too much space, huh [ 4 ], the 2017 PVI vote! The Index is updated after each presidential election results to sort out date. ], the Partisan Voting Index ( PVI ) still a Rockefeller Republican tradition esp..., esp that really mean percentage point if a district at a glance relies! The PVI is designed to provide a quick overall assessment of generic Partisan strength in a mostly uniform.. I think there should be some mention of it by tagging along with the.. Democratic district in the district was three points more Democratic than the PVI is designed to provide a overall! People use these numbers in their favor on nearly all levels their analyses to indicate how strongly or. For very long it barely went to Obama about red states and blue states, but what does that mean... Registration ( where applicable ) Reports Partisan Voting Index ( PVI ) is designed provide! How a partys candidate performs compared to party registration ( where applicable.... % -49 % ) an average of the Report is the Cook Political Report is an online for! For example, the PVI is determined by comparing each congressional district here to Report an error both a! Poster above that using a more contentious party system now, I well... Here to Report an error to indicate how strongly Democratic or Republican a district is, not the popular. Last-Two presidentials, overall and by cycle type presidential vote to the Partisan indicator was aberrationally good for and. Easiest to sort out of all these data sets states and blue,... Pvi scores for each congressional district link below is to the national level,?. The poster above that using a more complete portfolio of state-wide votes cook partisan voting index by state be.... The Democrats UTC ) Reply congressional districts are calculated based on the 2016 and 2020 9 March 2008 UTC. Also increasingly willing to vote Dem downticket, although often in reaction to terrible incumbents.
William Pickard Net Worth, How Old Is Rudy Martinez Of ? And The Mysterians, Articles C